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Dengue fever (DF) is the most common arthropod-borne viral illness with significant public health implications that can cause severe clinical symptoms and possibly death. We sought to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients presented with DF to the Royal Hospital in a recent outbreak in Oman.

Childhood ataxia may be due to multifactorial causes of impairment in the coordination of movement and balance. Acutely presenting ataxia in children may be due to infectious, inflammatory, toxic, ischemic, or traumatic etiology. Intermittent or episodic ataxia in children may be manifestations of migraine, benign positional vertigo, or intermittent metabolic disorders. Nonprogressive childhood ataxia suggests a congenital brain malformation or early prenatal or perinatal brain injury, and progressive childhood ataxia indicates inherited causes or acquired posterior fossa lesions that result in gradual cerebellar dysfunction. CT and MRI of the central nervous system are the usual modalities used in imaging children presenting with ataxia, based on the clinical presentation. This document provides initial imaging guidelines for a child presenting with acute ataxia with or without a history of recent trauma, recurrent ataxia with interval normal neurological examination, chronic progressive ataxia, and chronic nonprogressive ataxia. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a novel mono-pegylated, extra-long-acting interferon. It is administered infrequently and showed good tolerability and clinical activity for the chronic hepatitis B or C treatment in our previous Phase 2 clinical trials. This study aims to validate the potency and safety of this novel agent in a Phase 3 chronic viral hepatitis setting.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders characterized by chronic recurrent abdominal pain related to a change in bowel habit or defecation frequency and commonly accompanied by anxiety and depression affecting about 10% population globally. Jawarish Shahi (JS) is a special dosage form prepared for gastrointestinal disorders in Unani medicine containing L., Retz., L., (L.) Maton and L. Considering the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antispasmodic analgesic, antidiarrheal, antisecretory, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties, the present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of JS in IBS.

Renal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs), which are closely related to regulation of vascular reactivity and modulation of inflammation, play a crucial role in the process of renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Previous studies have reported the protective effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) against renal I/R injury, but little is known about the role of DEX on RMECs. This study aimed to investigate whether DEX alleviated renal I/R injury via acting on the RMECs. Mice underwent bilateral renal artery clamping for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 48 h, and the cultured neonatal mice RMECs were subjected to hypoxia for 1 h followed by reoxygenation (H/R) for 24 h. The results suggest that DEX alleviated renal I/R injury in vivo and improved cell viability of RMECs during H/R injury in vitro. Gene sequencing revealed that the PI3K/Akt was the top enriched signaling pathway and the endothelial cells were widely involved in renal I/R injury. DEX activated phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, increased eNOS expression, and attenuated inflammatory responses. In addition, the results confirmed the distribution of α adrenoreceptor (α -AR) in RMECs. Furthermore, the protective effects of DEX against renal I/R injury were abolished by α -AR antagonist (atipamezole), which was partly reversed by the PI3K agonist (740 Y-P). These findings indicated that DEX protects against renal I/R injury by activating the PI3K/Akt-eNOS pathway and inhibiting inflammation responses via α -AR in RMECs.

 Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical-radiological entity characterized by acute neurological symptoms with reversible subcortical vasogenic brain edema. One of the most common risk factors is pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.

Infections after renal transplant are a common cause of morbidity and are commonly due to Cytomegalovirus (CMV), , , and . Concurrent infections with both cryptococcal and tuberculous aetiologies are rare within the central nervous system (CNS). We present a case of a 67-year-old male patient who presented with three weeks of headaches, confusion, unsteady gait, and seizures. He had type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. He had a kidney transplant three years prior and was on three immunosuppressive agents. He was HIV-negative. He was evaluated and found to have cryptococcal meningitis and received appropriate treatment with liposomal amphotericin B, flucytosine, and serial lumbar punctures. He also had treatment for CMV viremia with valganciclovir. Three weeks later, after an initial good clinical response, he deteriorated with worsening confusion and persistent seizures. We re-evaluated him and found him to have brain imaging suggestive of tuberculosis. We started him on anti-tuberculous medication, and he improved significantly and was alert and seizure free at discharge home one month later. This case highlights that concurrent CNS infections with cryptococcus and tuberculosis do occur especially in patients who are severely immunosuppressed such as after a renal transplant. Failure to improve while on treatment for one CNS opportunistic infection should prompt one to investigate for other concurrent causes.

Interscalene nerve catheters have been proven to be effective in managing pain after rotator cuff repair (RCR) surgery. Liposomal bupivacaine is a newer approved therapy for use around the interscalene brachial plexus, but its analgesic efficacy has limited supporting data in various patient populations.